Bullying in the Schools Essay

Bullying and intimidation are a major social problem in many cultures. Since it is widely considered immature and mean to perpetrate violent or threatening acts, it is not surprising that incidents of bullying are usually found among young people where they gather to socialize. Schools are a hotbed of bullying activity, and many children are victimized. Bullying has two key components: repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. It involves repeated physical, verbal, or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient. Bullying includes assault, tripping, intimidation, rumor-spreading and isolation, demands for money, destruction of property, theft of valued possessions, destruction of another’s work, and name-calling. There are different categories of school bullying, and some of the categories overlap. Here are some of the most important categories that are frequently discussed: 1) How Many Bullies †¢ Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. Pack bullying was more prominent in high schools and characteristically lasted longer that bullying undertaken by individuals. Pack bullying may be physical bullying or emotional bullying and be perpetrated in person or in cyberspace. †¢ Individual bullying is one-on-one bullying that may take place either in person or online, as well as being physical bullying or emotional bullying. 2) Mode of School Bullying †¢ Physical bullying is bullying that takes the form of physical abuse, such as pushing, shoving, hitting, fighting, spitting, and tripping. †¢ Emotional bullying is bullying that involves factors other than physical interaction, such as insults, derogatory remarks, name calling, and teasing. 3) Medium of School Bullying †¢ Face-to-face bullying is bullying in which students confront each other in person. †¢ Cyber bullying is bullying that takes place online, through either email, chat rooms, social networking services, text messages, instant messages, website postings, blogs, or a combination of means. 4) Specific Targets of School Bullying †¢ Homophobic bullying is sometimes distinguished because it has a particular target population. †¢ Bullying of students with disabilities is another type of bullying with a focused target population. †¢ Racist bullying is a third type of focused bullying that targets people of a specific race or cultural. †¢ Religious bullying targets people who have specific religious beliefs. International research suggests that bullying is common at schools and occurs beyond elementary school; bullying occurs at all grade levels, although most frequently during elementary school. It occurs slightly less often in middle schools, and less so, but still frequently, in high schools. High school freshmen are particularly vulnerable. Most students do not report bullying to adults. Surveys from a variety of countries confirm that many victims and witnesses fail to tell teachers or even parents. As a result, teachers may underestimate the extent of bullying in their school and may be able to identify only a portion of the actual bullies. Studies also suggest that children do not believe that most teachers intervene when told about bullying. The same is true of student-witnesses. Although most students agree that bullying is wrong, witnesses rarely tell teachers and only infrequently intervene on behalf of the victim. Some students worry that intervening will raise a bully’s wrath and make him or her the next target. Many of the European and Scandinavian studies concur that bullies tend to be aggressive, dominant, and slightly below average in intelligence and reading ability and most evidence suggests that bullies are at least of average popularity. The belief that bullies â€Å"are insecure, deep down† is probably incorrect. Bullies do not appear to have much empathy for their victims. In Australia, research shows that bullies have low empathy levels, are generally uncooperative, and, based on self-reports, come from dysfunctional families low on love. Their parents tend to frequently criticize them and strictly control them. Dutch researchers have found a correlation between harsh physical punishments such as beatings, strict disciplinarian parents and bullying. A number of researchers believe that bullying occurs due to a combination of social interactions with parents, peers, and teachers. The history of the parent-child relationship may contribute to cultivating a bully, and low levels of peer and teacher intervention combine to create opportunities for chronic bullies to thrive. Most bullies victimize students in the same class or year, although 30 percent of victims report that the bully was older, and approximatel y ten percent report that the bully was younger. It is unknown the extent to which physical, mental or speech difficulties, eyeglasses, skin color, language, height, weight, hygiene, posture, and dress play a role in victim selection. One major study found the only external characteristics†¦to be associated with victimization were that victims tended to be smaller and weaker than their peers. One study found that nonassertive youth who were socially incompetent had an increased likelihood of victimization. Having friends, especially ones who will help protect against bullying, appears to reduce the chances of victimization. Victims of bullying suffer consequences beyond embarrassment. Some victims experience psychological and/or physical distress, are frequently absent and cannot concentrate on schoolwork. Research generally shows that victims have low self-esteem, and their victimization can lead to depression that can last for years after the victimization. Boys and girls who were bullied at least once a week experienced poorer health, more frequently contemplated suicide, and suffered from depression, social dysfunction, anxiety, and insomnia. Sociologist Robert Crosnoe in his book â€Å"Fitting In, Standing Out† provides new and disturbing evidence that socially marginalized youth, including victims of bullying, are less likely to go to college, which can have major implications for their adult lives. He found that feelings of not fitting in led to increased depression, marijuana use and truancy over time, which were associated with lower academic progress by the end of high school. That, in turn, lowered students’ odds of going to college. In an effort to address the widespread social ill that stems from of bullying behavior, many schools have established anti-bullying groups comprised of students and teachers. Courses are taught by administrators, community groups, and nonprofit organizations to raise awareness of the problem. Since suicide and criminal convictions are very real considerations, it is important to make the issue less of a hidden shame and more of an open discussion in classrooms everywhere.

Are Formal and Semi Formal Financial Institution Partnerships a Viable Option for Serving the Underserved in India

Are formal and semi formal financial institution partnerships a viable option for serving the underserved in India Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar 10/6/2010 Indu Paramita Mahapatra and Malay Harsh The essay tries to identify the potential problems with financial sector and does a gap analysis that leads to potential opportunities in the sector.It also takes a look at the challenges faced by the different financial institutions, the goals achieved, the targets to be achieved and how the partnership between the different formal and semi formal institutions can create a synergy for serving the underserved of the country. Introduction: The reach and availability of finances determine the growth and development of any enterprise. Then how could the development of a nation be any different from it?It must be duly noted that majority of the country’s populace is out of the purview of the financial services which means more than half of our nation lacks access to savings an d credit facilities among other financial securities and services such as investment options and insurance policies. Where we the urban literati state ourselves to be heavily hassled by the innumerable calls and emails trying to sell us a loan or investment options, these very same options are visibly amiss in the large rural pockets, places where they might be actually be needed.The fact is, there is a gap between the financial services needed and what is available. Problem With financial services in India: Current scenario India’s Economy Growth rate has been around 8. 5% – 9% (last 5 years). Our growth primarily has been in the industry & services sector which has grown by about 16. 8 percent. Even though agriculture is the principal means of livelihood for over 58. 4% of  India's population, the growth in this sector is limited to around 2. 8%.Of the many factors that attribute to poor growth in agriculture, a major reason is lack of access to proper finance. Limited access to savings, loans, remittance ;amp; insurance in rural/ unorganized sector are major constraints to agricultural and SME growth. Financial access enlarges livelihood opportunity ;amp; empowers the poor. And empowerment in turn aids socio-political stability. Financial inclusion provides formal identity, access to payments system ;amp; deposit insurance.Types of Financial Exclusion: (i) exclusion from payment system: not having access to bank accounts (ii) exclusion from formal credit markets leading to approaching informal/ exploitative markets The marginal farmers, the landless labour, the self employed, the unorganized sector, urban slum dwellers, migrants, ethnic minorities, socially excluded groups, senior citizens and women are often not covered under the financial services. The North Eastern Region and the eastern ;amp; central regions are most excluded. Financial Inclusion and RBI’s role:For the past few years one of the important new objectives of the Reserve Bank of  India  has been financial inclusion. Financial inclusion  is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups. Unrestrained access to public goods and services is the sine qua non of an open and efficient society. It is argued that as banking services are in the nature of public good, it is essential that availability of banking and payment services to the entire population without discrimination is the prime objective of public policy.The movement towards financial inclusion rose to a crescendo in the current year, partly because of the Platinum Jubilee Celebration of RBI and partly because the demand for financial inclusion has become a national and a governmental imperative. According to Annual Policy Statement of RBI, 2004-05 â€Å"†¦banks should be obliged to provide banking services to all segments of population on equitable basis. † In 2005 RBI advised banks to provide basic bank â€Å"no frills† accounts with low or minimum balance/ charges so as to expand anking outreach to larger sections of society. KYC principles were simplified to open accounts for customers in rural ;amp; urban areas for people intending to open accounts with annual deposits of less than Rs. 50,000. General purpose Credit Card (GCC) facility was available up to Rs. 25000 at rural ;amp; urban branches . Revolving credit was encouraged and withdrawal up to limit sanctioned was based on household cash flows . No security or collateral was needed for the same. Interest rates were deregulated.In January 2006 banks were allowed to use services of NGOs, SHGs, micro finance institutions, civil society organizations as business facilitators/ correspondents (BC) for extending banking services. BCs were allowed to do â€Å"cash in-cash out† transactions at BC locations ;amp; branchless banking. Pilots were set up to provide credit counseling and financial education. In June 2007, R BI launched multilingual website in 13 Indian languages providing information on banking services.For the financial inclusion drive, in identified districts, survey was conducted based on electoral rolls, public distribution system etc to identify households with no bank accounts. Banks were required to open at least one account per house. Mass media was deployed for awareness/ publicity. Bank staff/ NGOs/ volunteers took ration cards/ Electoral ID/ photos for fulfilling KYC norms ;amp; opening accounts. The different financial institutions and their roles:The government institutions fuelling the growth in the financial sector for the purpose of extending the banking services to the underserved in India are Regional Rural Banks, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, LAMPs, Commercial Credit Co-operative Societies, State Cooperative banks and Commercial banks. But then the entire system of lending must be self sustaining. Most of the above agencies are loss making units and need to be supported by the government with seed funds. The wide availability of such units extends the outreach of governments financial benefits to the large rural population.The commercial banks try and keep themselves distant from extending their financial services of credit, savings etc to the villages owing largely to the heavy cost of operation and servicing in the deep pockets and would rather cough up the penalty imposed on them by the Reserve bank of India for not meeting credit targets set for Priority sector lending. The cost of reaching the customer unto itself is too high and added to that is the high cost of transaction and servicing of small ticket loans and to top it all there is a high default rate on such loans issued.On the contrary the Non banking financial service companies operate on a much lean structure. The models on which the financial service extension is operating these days is constantly evolving into more and more innovative structures. Unlike the banks, the M FIs may furnish loans without collaterals or security deposits as they have exercise a social obligation on the loan applicant to repay the loans on time. As the loans are issued only through SHGs or JLGs, the liability of each loan rests entirely on the shoulders of the entire group and not just the individual.Thus the ticket size of the loans increase in size and cost of servicing the loans also gets appropriated. The NBFCs and MFI also sell out their loans to the Commercial banks who finance them thus ensuring that the commercial banks also end up meeting their target of priority sector loans that too at a profitable scale. The role played by the NGOs is also worth mentioning when we talk about the financial services in the rural pockets. There has been a rise in the number of SHGs owing to the capacity building and awareness activities taken up by the NGOs.The SHGs are informal bodies formed by the coming together of a homogenous group of people (preferably women) such groups ac tively promote mandatory savings among their members. From the funds collected loans are issued at nominal rates to its group members while loans can be sought for livelihood purposes largely, loans may also be sought for consumption needs. The SHGs are also trained for developing enterprises and businesses to fuel their growths. The other tangential benefits of women’s SHGs are the increase of social status and say a woman has in the communityPartnership of banks with organisations like â€Å"A Little World† and â€Å"FINO† has been a groundbreaking innovation where the above organisations in partnership with the banks extend no frills bank accounts to the rural areas and their people. The benefit is two pronged. It must be noted that the cost per transaction incurred per transaction on a bank teller amounts to roughly $1. 07 USD, while the cost of transaction per ATM transaction costs the bank around $0. 27 USD. The costs are prohibitively high for a commercia l bank to operate on lower ticket size transactions and hence can’t enter the rural market directly.The partnership models that FINO and ALW have adopted ensure that the underserved get access to the banking services by means of innovative rural ATMs that are all but hand held devices operated by either a village person or their own employee. The costs of such operations are low due to the absence of infrastructure needs. The above organisations take a cut from the account opening fee and a certain fee for operations costs. Goals achieved by the financial drive: No frills accounts: 6 million new â€Å"no frills† accounts were added between March 2006 ;amp; 2007.About 45000 rural ;amp; semi-urban branches of Regional rural banks (RRBs) ;amp; Public Sector Banks (PSBs) showed highest performance after the drive. SHG-Bank linkage: Access to banking system was provided through SHGs (groups pooling savings ;amp; providing loans to members). National Bank for Agricultural an d Rural Development (NABARD) extended support in group formation, linking with banks, and promoting best practices. As a result, the recovery was excellent – 2. 6 million SHGs were linked to banks touching 40 million households. SHGs were given loans by banks against group guarantees (Joint liabilities).With smaller loan sizes and reasonable rates of interest, SHGs were encouraged to take loans for consumption and to set up smaller business initiatives. IT Solutions: IT solutions were essential for doorstep banking. Pilot projects were started by SBI using smart cards for opening a/c with bio-metric identification. The smart cards were linked to mobile/ hand held connectivity devices to ensure transactions were recorded in banks’ books on real time basis. State governments started making pension ;amp; other payments under NREGS through smart cards. Other financial services (low cost remittances, insurance) were also provided through cards.IT solutions enabled large tra nsactions like processing, credit scoring, credit record ;amp; follow up etc. Role of Government: Some state governments played a proactive role by issuing identity cards for a/c opening, through awareness campaigns by district/ block level officials. Financial literacy drives were conducted and India Post was roped in as BCs. FM’s Budget Speech 2007-08 allocated a budget of $125 mn each to 2 funds (i) Financial Inclusion Fund for developmental/promotional work (ii) Financial Inclusion Technology Fund for technology adoption/innovation Challenges FacedWith the rates of interest being high the customer is sometimes still apprehensive in approaching for credit, as the poor do not have collateral to offer and are hence not always eligible to loans from govt. banks. The stronghold of the money lenders too is very strong as the loan servicing time of a money lender is very low and can be furnished at any hour of the day. Imposition of rate restrictions by the government may also r ender MFI businesses inefficient owing to high operations cost and defaults, the govt. Promotes defaulting each time there is a loan waiver issued by it.Such actions promote defaulting nature amongst the farmers. There is a disinterest of the rural population in taking insurance policies as there is no understanding of the same in the large rural pockets. The seasonality of the crops and harvest too impose a challenge to the lending and repayments to the financial institutions. Way forward: There’s a need to link the impact of the financial institution to the 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The impact analysis can be done by evaluating how far the financial institutions have been effective in contributing, directly and indirectly, to all the eight MDGs.Microfinance contributes to improving income and reducing hunger (MDG 1), providing children school education and training (MDG 2), and paying for health services (MDG 4 – 6). The main beneficiaries of microfinanc e services are women, so financial institutions contribution to women's empowerment and gender equality (MDG 3) can be studied. As for the environment (MDG 7), financial institutions are increasingly combining environmental programs with their financial services, although the contribution may be indirect.For MDG 8, since Target 12 calls for the development of open, rule-based, non-discriminatory financial systems, the expansion of financial programs themselves is the achievement of MDG 8. Hence the future of financial outreach lies on the synergy of formal and semiformal institutions to bring about a positive change. References: 1. http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. cms 2. India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php 3. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=INR 4.Financial Inclusion :Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 5. http ://banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf 6. http://www. nabard. org/ 7. Finance Minister's Budget Speech, http://www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm 8. Montgomery, H. 2005. Meeting the Double Bottom Line – The Impact of Khushhali Bank’s 9. Microfinance Program in Pakistan. Tokyo: ADBI. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. ms [ 3 ]. India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php [ 4 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=INR [ 5 ]. Financial Inclusion :Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati [ 6 ]. http://banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf [ 7 ]. Financial Inclusion :Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati [ 8 ]. http: //www. nabard. org/ [ 9 ]. Finance Minister's Budget Speech, http://www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm [ 10 ]. Montgomery, H.

Culture of Lebanon Country Essay

Prescriptive were given to the patients. It consists of description, preparation and steps of the treatment that has to be provided. It also indicated here the responsibility of the patients in the given prescription to accomplish the desired effect. It provides a clinical care for the patient and for the outcome that it may bring. To make the baby born and grow into a loving and warm environment, some treatments and practices have to be completed. Some of these prescriptive were as follows. A mother has preferably given a hot food rather than cold ones during her pregnancy. This is believed to provide warmth for the fetus. During the time of menstrual cycle and post delivery period, they are given cold foods and preferred a cold environment. These are the beliefs that are being related to the hot and cold theory of disease prevention and maintaining good health that influence conception and pregnancy. To be a mother is the essence of being a woman. Many pregnant women practice some safety measures to protect their baby from harm. Some women practice to sleep on their backs to protect the infant; they keep having frequent intercourse and keep the vaginal canal well lubricated to facilitate an easier birth and keep on being active to prevent decrease of amitotic fluid and ensure a smaller baby. So they will not experience the pain of birth giving for a bigger offspring. For a very long period of time, taking care of infants is done by placing the baby in a crib or playpen. Small bedrooms are also designed for infants. However as time passed by, many mothers had been very busy in their work that they leave their responsibility, as the mother to their child, to kindergartens and even babysitters. The grandparents are also the one who commonly help in raising the child. In every part of the world, education is very important and so as in Lebanon. It had been also said that the first teacher of the child is his or her parents. This is true because it is the place where the child learns to do things on his or her own way. Taboo is a word used to describe an object and action that should be totally avoided due to social and cultural objections. One of the strict Lebanese Taboo practices is not to give birth when both parties are not yet married. In Lebanon, it is unusual to have an arranged marriage but it does not mean that it does not exist. Contracting marriage had been brought by present economic crisis of the country. Among Muslims, polygamy is accepted. However, very few people choose to live this kind of lifestyle. The issue of divorce is also very relative. It is easy to get divorced if you are a Muslim and harder for orthodox Christians. In Marinate communities, divorce is something that is very difficult. Moreover, if a mother is incapable of rearing the child or the money to get married or is protecting her honor and her family’s name, she hands the baby over the church and this is considered an irrational set of taboos. One thing that is sure to happen in the lives of everyone is death. Avery is expected to die at a certain point of time. It is something that every people should be prepared of, whether the death of the people around them or their own death. One of the most complicated things in such event is the funeral. This is the time wherein people often show and are encouraged to show their feelings of loosing a beloved. Most funerals in Lebanon are commonly followed by processions by which the people take the dead body in their final destination. Funeral Home Service in the place provides options on arranging funeral service. They can assist you with customary service, non-traditional service, cremation of the dead body with or with out the memorial service. They can also make the option and opportunity of transporting a family member into another city or state, and offer you with pre-burial planning. Death rituals have an emotional power – the funerals, the singing of laments, the distribution of food, the daily visits to the graves, and especially the rite of exhumation. These rituals help them face the universal paradox of mourning or grief: how they can accept the fact of bringing them to the end; how can living sustain relationships with the dead; and how they may continue their life on the earth and live meaningfully as part of the community. When a person dies, family and friends travel from long distance to get to the funeral. They are also having a festive watch over the body of the person before its burial. More grieving families, based on the tradition, engage in the protection of the dying and bereaved those who have difficulty dealing with the death. They expressed their feelings during the grieving process. In this case those health care providers assist the person by providing support and privacy during the bereavement. Lebanon has a highly developed medicine and health care. Lebanese people have a very little belief on the effectiveness of traditional medicines remains nowadays. The country has many doctors and health care provider than they actually need. There are also lots of hospitals continuously trying to be restructured and modernized. Lebanon has relatively good health care programs and free hospitals for the benefit of the public and all the people who care for their health but cannot afford to pay big amount of hospital bills. Advanced technology has provided modern medicines and complex indicative diagnostics. Some authorities advocate the increase in the use of paramedical workforce to care for the persons or patients with persistent and incurable infirmities. But modern practices in treating disease are not fully applicable in some areas such as urban places and the ethnic groups. Health care providers should consider lot of things and take careful assessment before they should practice their duties and execute their function. Lebanese ethnic groups are related and are engaged upon the use of folk medicine and folk medicine practices to treat their diseases. And they combine these with variety of prayers, use of herbal teas and medicines and other applications. As a health care provider, it is very much important that they are aware about the practices, its purpose and the way it should be carried out. References: Countries and Their Culture. 2007. Culture of Lebanon Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://www. everyculture. com/Ja-Ma/Lebanon. html .F. A. Davis Company. 2003. Transcultural Health Care. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://www. fadavis. com/related_resources/1_1916_1. pdf George,J. Ethnic. no date. Cuisine: Lebanon. Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://www. sallys-place. com/food/cuisines/lebanon. htm Federal Research Divition. no date. Lebanon A Country Study Retrieved September 19, 2007 from http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=nMwEs12tKJoC&dq=culture+of+lebanon+country+++&pg=PA77&ots=l6Hr7q-puC&sig=uqJRJNFJHf1THFZ9ILxWkJalpxo&prev=http://www. google. com. ph/search%3Fhl%3Dtl%26q%3Dculture%2Bof%2Blebanon%2Bcountry%2B%2B%2B%26meta%3D&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=1#PPA252,M1

Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum as motivator Annotated Bibliography

Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum as motivator - Annotated Bibliography Example In the article, he announces that the Dubai’s economy is expected to grow amid 4.5% to 5% in this year. According to the source, the leadership skill shown by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, is exemplary since the broad results show that inflation in the UAE had risen by index of 0.3%. The article majorly talks about the global economy status of different regions and continents in the world. It highlights the European plans of stabilizing the financial status by concentrating on some of the few individuals working exceptionally hard to advance the lifestyle of citizens (Al-Alawi, 2012). Global Markets has noted Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum as an influential personal with exemplary skills that assist in making his country compete favorably globally. This was seen as a motive to support and empower women in society to emerge and compete favorably with their counter parts in the society. By supporting such organizations and groups motivates all genders to focus on promoting equality wh en conducting business and other significant issues in society. The article begins by stating the different titles Ahmed bin Saeed has in his country and the entire United Arabs Emirates region. Firstly, he is the president of Dubai Civil Aviation Authority, and holds the chairmanship of various organizations such as Dubai Airports, Airline and Group and Honorary Patron of the Dubai Quality Group. This depicts how important the person is in the society, since he has the ability of influencing and motivating the populace. The article talks about the ceremony that was held in May 2012 at the Grand Hyatt Hotel in Dubai. Emirates Women Award (EWA) is held annually to appreciate winners and honorees that have achieved in society (Dubai Quality Group, 2011). Almed bin Saeed was thanked for the effort and interest he had on popularizing the EWA, which was assisted in improving and appreciating the personal skills in society. The article is significant since it honors Almed bin Saeed as

Germany's challenges during post-unification period Essay

Germany's challenges during post-unification period - Essay Example ears after the unification, the country’s leaders faced the primary challenge of exercising a foreign policy founded upon long-term dedication to multilateral associations and avoidance of military force. German leaders also bore the responsibility of fostering the country’s global proclivity, in order to ensure that it cooperated with allied international affiliates in confronting emergent threats to security. Germany’s aversion to aggressive military tactics and adoption of multilateralism are the key attributes that characterize its post-unification foreign and security agenda, which continues to evolve, as the world’s political environment transforms continually. Following the 1990 unification, German leaders sought to fulfill two of the nation’s principal interests. One of these interests was to foster reconciliation of enemies made during the Second World and Cold Wars, as well as, in the aftermath of the division. The other primary interest was to ensure that the country gained legitimate acceptance on the international economic and political platform. Strong dedication to multilateral structures and integration into the same, coupled with avoidance of active military involvement, was perceived to be the best approach towards meeting the aforementioned interests. Consequently, Germany formulated a foreign policy based entirely on civilian power and multilateralism. This implies that following unification, Germany refrained from deploying its military forces to support allied forces in various conflicts, but instead sought to uphold its role as a neutral in-between. However, this foreign policy and security approach gradually evolve d, as Germany started deploying its forces to engage in various UN missions. In the year 1994, the German government issued a legal clarification that these deployments solely depended upon parliament’s approval, hence stressing the democratic process linked to such decision making (Green, Hough, and Miskimmon

Case study(Tanglewood department stores) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study(Tanglewood department stores) - Essay Example 5 Work Cited Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Company Profile Tanglewood was founded in 1975 by Tanner Emerson and Thurston Wood. The company operates in the retail industry specializing in clothing, appliances, home decor, and electronics. The stores have an outdoor theme that differentiates Tanglewood from the competition. The company’s mission statement is to be the best department store for consumers seeking quality, durability, and value for all aspects of their active lives. The firm has operating revenues of $7.2 billion while employing nearly 53,000 employees across 243 stores. The company’s target customer is middle to high income customers. Issues and problems Tanglewood was developed by its founders as a family type store where people could come in and find all their shopping needs. The concept helped attract a lot of customer s. The store prides itself in offering the best customer service possible. Another part of the working environment that the owners have always been proud of is having a high level of employee involvement. This attribute was a good idea at first, but as the company has grown it has let to administrative problems. It is important in large organizations for the employees to understand the managerial hierarchy. Stores need manages to be accountable to the operating and strategic decisions that occur at the enterprise. During the 1990’s Tanglewood experienced a lot of growth in terms of total store capacity. The firm grew from a 10 store operation to the current 243 stores it operates today. The problem with the growth the firm achieved was that the company did not build its own stores. It was easier for the firm to acquire other existing stores. The strategy that the firm implemented had lots of short term advantages, but it also led to long term consequences. The firm did not ha ve a unified identity due to the fact that there was a blend of many different corporate cultures. The executive managerial staff of the firm did a poor job developing a single corporate culture for the employees to follow. An organizational culture is a system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that develops within an organization that guides the behavior of its members (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, p.262). A problem the company faced as it grew was that the owners of the firm took an active managerial role without taking on the responsibility of the day to day operations. The owners emphasized more on the strategic side of management. Another inherent problem the company faced was the westward expansion of major competitors such as Target and Kohl’s. The firm had been able to avoid excessive direct competition in the past, but now based on the new market structure the firm has to compete with the major players in the retail industry. The company needs a new administrat ive strategy to better manage its human resources. Alternative Solutions The employees of a company are its most value asset. Due to the importance of human capital Tanglewood needs immediate help dealing with the staff. An alternative solution is for the company to bring a temporary project manager to oversee the operation. The project manager would

The Cost of Capital; Financial Leverage; Which Counts Most Term Paper

The Cost of Capital; Financial Leverage; Which Counts Most - Term Paper Example The high sale will result in higher profits and a reduction in variable costs signifies that the organization does not have to incur any extra expenses for each unit sold. An increased volume of sales will enable to company to save gain benefits from its fixed costs. The idea of operating leverage was initially developed for utilizing in capital budgeting. Operating leverage is a significant concept as it affects how responsive profits are to transforms into sales volume. â€Å"The Degree of Operating leverage is a function of the cost structure of a firm and is usually defined in terms of the relationship between fixed cost and total costs. A firm that has high fixed costs relative to total costs is said to have operating leverage. A firm with high operating leverage will also have higher variability in operating income than would a firm producing a similar product with low operating leverage† (Choi 20). Other things remaining the same, the high difference in operating income will guide to a high beta for the industry with higher operating leverage. It is helpful to recognize how operating profit will vary with a given change in units formed; operating leverage is helpful to decide the business risks. Operating leverage can also be understood as the degree to which an organization utilizes fixed costs in creating its goods or offering its facilities. A fixed cost contains advertising expenses, equipment and technology, administrative costs, taxes, and depreciation. However, it excludes interest on debt, which is an element of financial leverage. By using fixed production costs, an organization can raise its earnings. If an organization has a high amount of fixed costs, it has a high level of operating leverage. High-tech and automated companies, airlines, utility companies etc commonly have high amounts of operating leverage. The difference between variable and fixed costs is an old idea. This separation of costs by behavior is the basis for breakeven a nalysis. â€Å"The idea of â€Å"break even analysis† is based on the simple question of how many units of product or service a business must sell in order to cover its fixed costs before beginning to make a profit. Presumably, unit prices are set at a level high enough to recoup all direct unit costs and leave a margin of contribution toward fixed cost and profit† (Helfert 193). Once adequate units have been sold to accrue the total contribution required to offset every fixed costs, the margin from any extra units sold will become revenue unless a latest layer of fixed expenses has to be added at any future point to support the high volume. Understanding this attitude will enhance the insight into how operational features of a business involve the elements of financial projections and planning. This information is also useful in setting operational strategies, which, particularly in an unstable business setting might, for instance, focus on reducing fixed costs during outsourcing certain operations. Cost of Capital: The cost of capital means the required rate of return for making capital budgeting. Cost of capital comprises the cost of debt and the cost of equity acquired through different sources. Cost of capital is the average rate of return required by the investors for their long term investments such as equity fund, preference fund and long term capital. When the firm makes long term investm

Spaces and Subjects of Modernity Modern Cities, Entertainment and Las Essay

Spaces and Subjects of Modernity Modern Cities, Entertainment and Las Vegas - Essay Example (Buchholz et al, 2002). An in-depth understanding of the above can, it is argued, lead to avoidance of the deficits or malaise (this seems so normal in the dystopian scheme), of the modern world. This essay deals with the reconstruction of the modern city as Las Vegas, within the limitations of cultural space to highlight the role of authoritative control and also its absence in promoting a liberal society. The role of exhibitions and cinema and how this relates to the changes in the entertainment and gambling industry in Las Vegas will be defined. In ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamian, the 'juridico-discursive' power is entirely at the hands of a 'sovereign authority who exercised absolute control over the population through the threat or open display of violence' (Foucault, 1978). Surveillance, becomes an important tool of the state is but, a sort of mapping of contours, geographies, and finally human beings too. Modern states also used such "thematic mapping technologies", a notable one, being "the cadastral map, which record land ownership and resource characteristics" (Goss, Jon. 1995). Constant surveillance which, when internalized, as in "disciplining the body, takes hold of the mind as well to induce a psychological state of 'conscious and permanent visibility" (Foucault 1977). It then becomes a disciplinary power that is used directly on the body, and collectively, to control social groups. Foucault speaks of the structured ways of knowing and exercising this power, in respect of Body, Power and the Sexuality ; Subjectivity, identity and resistance; and Freedom, power and Politics.( Armstrong,2005). The Relevance of Psycho-geography in Modern Geography Psycho-geography is defined as "The study of specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals"(Situationniste Internationale, 1958). It was first developed by the 'Lettrist International,' as part of their system of unitary urbanism. It has since evolved to encompass many things; "psycho geography is one antithetical pole among many which realizes the conflict between our idealized role as citizens and our subjectivity arising from the material conditions of our life"(Psycho geography, 2005). The Modern Metropolis The development of culture is characterized by the preoccupation the "objective spirit" over the "subjective spirit. The objective culture is defined as the collection of rules, tools, symbols and products created by human beings and the subjective culture is what individuals have been able to absorb and integrate into them-selves from the objective culture. Metropolitan life places the utmost importance to stable but impersonal time schedule. There seems to be in the metropolitan style, direct dissociation in reality, in one of its elemental forms which is socialization (Simmel, 1908). A link has been conceived between the new social and environmental conditions of the metropolis and psychological state of continuity. It has strong connotations to the destruction and re-construction of modern cities (like Paris, Berlin etc,) as dictated by the changes in mobility,

ITM501, Management Information Systems & Business Strategy, Mod 3 Case Essay

ITM501, Management Information Systems & Business Strategy, Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example Many years ago there were vaccines discovered that prevented these two illnesses. Children before that were very ill when they got these diseases. Many of them died. After the vaccine was discovered and children were inoculated, both diseases virtually went away. However, later on parents decided not to get these vaccines because they did not trust them and both diseases began to come back and then were spread to others one at a time in daycares. That is the way a virus gets around in a computer group also. Not too long ago, as an example, a friend who takes care of a computer system in a hospital noticed a virus warning that kept moving around. Eventually it was everywhere. It was nearly impossible to get rid of. It got in through a computer that someone forgot to load the virus software on and that nurse had been out on the web. It was a very expensive mistake. The connection between a companys computer and home users is the same as my touching your hand and you passing me a virus. If you had flu shot and not got the virus, you would not have passed it to me. Virus software, of course, affects network security but so does malware (infoworld.com). Many IT specialists say that these are now worse than the Trojans were and are. Malware sends in search mechanisms that get deep into the computer information and pull out personal things like all your employees security information or the companys security information. These are set up, not by hackers but by people that are out there to make a profit on your information and it only takes visiting the web at the wrong site or downloading the wrong file. This is truly dangerous to your organization and to any of your employees that may be working from their own PCs at home. In todays world, we are all touched by computers and like keeping personal and important information that is in paper form secure, so is it

Inequality, Hate Groups, and Tolerance Paper Essay

Inequality, Hate Groups, and Tolerance Paper - Essay Example (d) Hate is irrevocably linked to violence. Hate group members are not illiterate, but are well read, well organized, ruthless and armed, and coordinate their acts with like-minded partners. The ‘fourteen words’ are remarkable in their psychological appeal to instincts of survival and protection of children. 3 (a) Alex Curtis, based in San Diego, is one of today’s most influential white supremacists. He has effectively harnessed the media, through his website, e-mail lists, telephone hotlines and magazine, to disseminate his message of violent hatred of minorities. His group stands for the employment of any means to foster hate and violence against Jews, Blacks and all minorities. (b) Alex Curtis’ group feels that the U.S. Government is a Zion Occupied Government, which is manipulated by the Jews and is actively engaged in the marginalization and elimination of white Anglo-Saxons. The origin of White Power Music was marked by violent conflicts among extremists, the most high-profile one being the one between Swedish Nordland and British Ragnarock. In 1997-98 the industry was curtailed by Government actions in the U.S., Britain and Europe. The industry has reorganized and its’ message of violent racism is spreading its’ tentacles all over the world. There is growing cooperation among the leading players, who are (1) William Pierce: leader of the U.S. Nationalist Alliance and the owner of Resistance Records. (2) National Socialist Black Metal: anti-Christian, racist, Skinhead music (3) Hammerskin Nation: premium label for American skinhead bands, extremely violent (4) Blood and Honour: Swedish based, owner of Ragnarock with links to neo-Nazi political parties. (f) Stormfront is the oldest hate website, whose webmaster is Don Black, a former member of the Ku Klux Klan. Its’ philosophy of white supremacist beliefs considers Jews, Blacks and other minorities to

The Hygiene Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hygiene Hypothesis - Essay Example Accordingly, it is important to note that the immune system develops from repeated attempts to keep off disease from the low level of pathogens found in a normal environment; as such, when the germs invade the body in life threatening amounts, the immune system successfully wards them off. The need for this exposure in developed nations some decades back saw to larger families than today. This is because parents believed that the elder child would expose the younger one(s) to pathogens, hence harden their immunity (Ascherio &Munge, 2007). It has also been observed that children who are taken to baby care institutions are less susceptible to allergies and immune diseases. The research has indicated that, children who had earlier been exposed to measles or hepatitis A are also quite resistant to allergies. Autoimmune diseases are those that the body should be able to naturally protect itself from, as per the hygiene hypothesis. Such include acute lymphoblastic leukemia affecting young people in the developed world. This is a region where young children are less likely to be exposed, and thereby develop the needed immunity. Unconfirmed evidence also links the hypothesis indirectly to autism, suggesting that an immune disease causes it (Lang, et al. 2010). However, extensive research shows that the hypothesis is of more significance to allergies than to immune diseases (Christensen, 2010). Some of the common allergens, i.e. substances that cause allergic attacks, include pollen, dust, hay, household chemicals, synthetic material, pet fur, some foods and some food preservatives. When these come into contact with the body of the allergic person, his/ her system activates the white blood cells in response to the foreign negative stimulus. (These cells normally help us to fight disease-causing microorganisms). Once released,

HSC Speeches Essay Essay Example for Free

HSC Speeches Essay Essay â€Å"Great speeches do not merely address a contextual purpose; they also touch the hearts and minds of those who hear them†. Evaluate to what extent the statement above supports your understanding of the speeches set for study in Module B: Critical Study of Texts. Words in their most basic forms are just unintelligible sounds. Yet with the combination of emotion and verve, only then do they become meaningful. Words which not only combine emotions but also contextual misunderstandings and inequity are a recipe for the invoking of spirit. Words are the key to communication, a commonality throughout each culture, nation and religion. Though the sounds they create are different, the true intertwined emotion and feeling behind these words weave a tapestry of both global disunion and union. Words are not restricted to a language or a sound, they are infinite in there meaning and purpose. Nevertheless this doesn’t change what it invokes in the people who either hear or read it. Rather it inspires them. Contrary the popular belief, feminism is a first world idea. Margaret Atwood, a lifelong feminist, born in Canada, a country who gives females the same opportunities as men, is the epitome of a first world woman. It almost appears she is the antithesis of her global sister Aung Sun Suu Kyi. A woman, born in Burma, raised by political activists and placed under house arrest for 6 years for her movements towards equity. The importance of their upbringing though makes a resounding impact upon the audience, since their points are identical. Though they may be in different stages, the end goals are one. This display of unity spanning across nations, cultures and time creates a timeless foundation for the solidarity of women. The power of a nation and society on any individual no matter the gender has insurmountable influence upon the youth. Atwood’s ‘Spotty Handed Villainesses’ is a speech written to inspire women that it’s okay not ‘to be good all the time.’ Why should women be depicted as one dimensional characters, why is there a seemingly an innate fear amongst authors to give a female character a legitimate personality, flaws and all? She encourages readers to look past stereotypes by addressing their almost inbred mental fears. For the bad behaviour of women have no shades of grey. It is black and it is white and the lines are clearly drawn. Lest we forget when a women â€Å"was good she was very good and when she was bad she was horrid.† This tenor is also present within Suu Kyi’s speech ‘Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women’, the notion of women constantly  having to justify their own existence. These stereot ypes, nursed into infants until their adulthood reflects this symbolism awakens a sense of epiphany within the audience. The traditional belief that the patriarchal paradigm is the reason for life and the justification of living, with the instilled belief that â€Å"the dawn rises only when the rooster crows.† Atwood Suu Kyi’s words strike us, for they have found our commonality, our youth. The commonality of folk tales, which were supposedly told to enforce morals and values to us, instead enforced boundaries. These boundaries which we were too young to understand or even acknowledge solidified the link between us. These boundaries hinder the true identity of women and their position in society, For isn’t the sole idea, a commonality between all women? The contextual purpose is addressing the notion of why women cannot monopolise the â€Å"true traits† of men; for they are men and men alones traits. Yet to give these identical traits to a woman, spells her immediate downfall. Why cannot women stand on their own two god given feet, and be recognised without representing the traits of their male counterparts. This lone concept is the link, which encourages a movement within the hearts and minds of the readers, the movement to not become a stereotype. Though both speeches address the commonality of inequity, their words emanate and establish an emotion and bond meant to reach inside an individual and shock them. Their meaning rises above the words they choose to address the concept; thus manifesting in the readers psyche. The truth of the matter is that we are all spotted. Like the wicked lady Macbeth, though these spots cannot be seen, they are â€Å"indelible†. They shall never be removed, yet though they are there it doesn’t mean they should be given the power to determine a life. To be spotted isn’t ‘bad’; to be spotted is being real, and this stigma around female characters, that they are somehow more realistic than real women, the readers, is a detrimental mistake. These very stereotypes are found in every novel, article and song we either read or listen to. Whether knowingly or not women have been subordinated in their source of comfort, at their most vulnerable. Women have â€Å"no sole protector†, they are on their own and it’s time for them to recognise this and stand up for themselves, no matter their circumstance. Society is the downfall of equity and an encumbrance to the rise of feminism across the globe. These are the strength of Atwood’s and Suu Kyi’s words. These are the words that  inspire and touch the minds and hearts of those who hear them. They have grasped a contextual issue faced in both countries; female inequity, and created a movement amongst complete strangers across the globe. They have done this though creating a bond with the readers by their words. They are meant to be personified and expanded. This is why they earned the title of being a great speech.

Appraisal Theory The Effects On Skin Psychology Essay

Appraisal Theory The Effects On Skin Psychology Essay This report aims to replicate a classic finding in biopsychology research which proposed, that increases in task difficulty lead to increases in arousal. As well as to present any individual differences that angle off from this, that possibly could be accounted by the appraisal theory. One hundred and two individuals took part in a task called Speedy Pizzas where they had to deliver successfully a vast quantity of pizzas as the level of difficulty increased. The individuals were represented with a total of 5 levels of difficulty, beginning from level 1 (10 pizzas per minute) to level 5 (50 pizzas per minute). This experiment used a repeated measures design where each individual participated at both levels of task difficulty. The outcome showed that there was a significant increase in GSR as task engagement got more challenging. Although, that the overall GSR test showed increase, individual differences might suggest otherwise. Introduction To begin with, this paper will first examine some relevant background on the former literature on a classic biopsychology discoveries based on task performance and its association with increase in skin conductance in an attempt to replicate its findings. Afterwards, it will address some individual variations that might have a crucial role in that correlation. A number of researchers over the years have shown that task attainment of individuals is closely knit together with increase in skin conductance. For instance, Kahneman, Trusky et al. (1969 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) experiment, showed the relationship between skin resistance levels and mental arithmetic task at three layers of difficulty and encountered that skin resistance decreased as difficulty of each level increased. Nonetheless, this connection between them is often distinct, there are cases that the individuals disengage from the task by resigning which is shown in the form of decreasing responses in the GSR le vels whilst the task engagement becomes particularly difficult. This occurrence can be placed under the theory of the appraisal model proposed by Smith and Lazarus (1993 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) that suggested that the amount of each individuals focusing resources is established by their appraisal of task-solving coping potential. The above theory has been adapted in various studies, one of them was measuring accomplishment in a demanding mental task. (Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) Pecchinenda and Smiths study wanted to demonstrate the direct association between a cognitive task engagement and the appraisal of each individuals coping potential. Thus, subjects were presented by series of anagrams, that they were called to solve, in various circumstances whilst their GSR was continuously observed. The level of difficulty diverse between each anagram by either having an easy, moderately difficult and extremely difficult anagram as well as the amount of time available that par ticipants had to solve it changed between 30 sec and 120 sec. Results showed that participants coping potential varied between them, since the perception that each subject experienced the situation was different. Paradigm, when an individual appraised their task-solving ability with having a high coping potential approached the task with the attempt to achieve their goal and successfully complete the task. On the contrary, people who appraised the situation as overwhelming and the task as virtually impossible (Pecchinenda and Smith, page 486) had low coping potential and therefore disengaged from the task. Hence, apposite to the skin conductance activity there was a general increase in the GSR levels when the task-solving trials were aligned with the participants engagement in the trials. However, this increase dropped dramatically when the anagrams level of difficulty was extremely demanding as a result of the paltry levels of task engagement. An interesting feature about this stud y that shouldnt be obscured was that the correlation between skin conductance activity and task engagement is not absolute. There are other aspects that might intrude and mislead this association. As in that the correlation between GSR and other components such as stress, perception of the circumstance, negative feelings etc resulted as having an impact on the GSR, Nikula (1991 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996). Another related experiment was conducted by Bohlin (1976). Bohlins study manipulated the levels of arousal by having participants to response after a number of trials whilst they were in physiological habituation state. She divided the subjects into three groups, the first group were told to relax when listening to a tone, the second one were given arithmetic tasks to solve and the third one a threat of shock was added to the task performance. Results showed that the Shock-threat group had the highest mean in conductance level and the Relax group had the lowest mean in GS R. Thus, this produces some evidence showing how  increases in task difficulty result in various increases in physiological arousal. These discoveries led to this current experiment were the aim was to replicate the existent findings; that when task difficulty increases individuals arousal increases as well. In addition, to demonstrate the variance between individual responses, for instance some individuals appraise themselves as having high coping potential, therefore engage in the task and complete it successfully and some of them as having low coping potential and appraise their abilities as insufficient and as a result they disengage from the task. Consequently to the past evidence one research hypothesis emerged from them for the present experiment; that there will be a significant increase in galvanic skin response from stage 1 to 5 and to also examine the individual responses as task difficulty increases. Method Design The design that was used in this experiment was a repeated measures design with one independent variable, task difficulty at two levels (easy(1) vs. difficult(5)) and two dependent variables; the Galvanic skin responses and the number of failures that occurred. Participants in the experiment were allocated in a computer lab and had to do all conditions. Eventhough, that there were 5 stages in total, only the easiest and most difficult level were chosen for this analysis. In this experiment a number of controls were used in order to avoid any confounded variables. First of all, the letter appearing on the pizza box was randomly generated therefore discarded any systematic bias introduced from having a particular order of pizza letters. Hence, people could not predict where the pizzas were going because the letter order was not the same. Secondly, , by asking people to stay relaxed and still at the baseline would make sure that everyone was at the same condition, therefore no one would be stressed out and having GSR increase at the easy state and then at the more challenging state not having much increase at the GSR because it was already at a high level . Lastly, all participants were given the same standardised instructions to prevent any extraneous variables and that the letter that appeared on the box was randomly different for everyone. Participants One hundred and two undergraduate Psychology students were asked to take part in a cognitive task as part of their evaluation in the course. They were chosen from an opportunity sample since it was more convenient and easier to gather data from those who were there to do the experiment at the time. All participants had to do all conditions from stage 1 to stage 5 in order to collect the data needed for the analysis. Apparatus The experiment was run in a computer lab. The task that the participants had to take part in was called The Speedy Pizza, the game was developed by University of Huddersfield psychology technicians  utilising  Adobe Flash, PHP and MySql to run  on  PCs, headphones were also used to avoid any replication between participants. Moreover, the Biopac system that was used to  measure GSR via an electrode attached to their fingers using a gel was called  GEL101 isotonic .Finally, the GSR data was recorded on the Biopac systems software that comes with the Biopac as standard. Procedure Every participant was seated in front of a computer where they were given some further explanation about the experiment. They were first given a handout that was to familiarise them with some relevant background of appraisal theory and its main connection with the study. After that, participants entered the game were full instructions were provided, showing in the appendix section. Next they were attached to the Biopac device and started the practise game which lasted a minute. The second minute was the baseline state where markers were placed, by pressing the Esc on the keyboard, (which also lasted 60 seconds) and then systematically after 60 seconds as the task difficulty increased. There were 5 stages that participants had to attend and excel by delivering successfully as many pizzas as possible, whilst the task got more challenging with each stage. By the time they reached to level 5 the number of pizzas that appeared on the conveyor increased greatly as the speed on the conveyor did, making it incredibly difficult. Results Description The outcomes from the above experiment were the following. In Stage 1 GSR in micro-mhos was lower than Stage 5 GSR (mean for stage 1 GSR = 13.15  µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ (SD=7.37 µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾), mean for stage 5 GSR= 14.13 µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ (SD=8.36 µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾). Also, in Stage 1 the amount of failures was less than the amount of failures in Stage 5 (mean failures in stage 1 =.03 SD=.17), mean failures in stage 5= 31.10 (SD=4.18). Moreover, to analyze the data and show the difference in the means between stage 1 and stage 5 in GSR levels and number of failures a repeated measures t-test (two-tailed) was used, but previously the data were checked for normality distribution. The normality assumption for this experiment can be waived since there was a large sample (N=102) (Field, 2009). The t-test displayed a significance difference from the alpha level (p=0.05) (t=3.779, df =101, p Discussion(513) The aim of the experiment was to replicate a time-honoured biopsychology finding which stated that increase in task difficulty results increase in the arousal. Additionally, to relate Pecchinenda and Smiths study (1996) on the appraisal theory, suggested that there may be some individual variations possibly having an impact on the above correlation. Thus, a research hypothesis was assessed; that there will be a significant increase in skin conductance from stage 1 to 5, along with examining individual responses to increasing task difficulty. Furthermore, the outcome that rose from this experiment was that research hypothesis was accepted and it was at the directed predicted, however there were some deviation due to individual differences. The results that we found can be supported by the following theories. First of all, by looking at the Kahnemn, Tursky et al. Study (1969) the outcome that we found was as expected from this theory; that skin conductance indeed increases concurrently as level of difficulty increases. In the present experiment increase was shown when the amount of pizzas on the conveyor was frequent and the speed of the conveyor increased too. Also, arousal increases muscle tension and bias synchronization, therefore extreme levels of arousal can create discomfort (Thompson, 1930). In the experiment it was calculated that participants when they were between stages 3-4 had high levels of GSR that resulted as discomfort and as a consequence participant gave-up by level 5. Moreover, the increase in skin conductance as the task difficulty got more challenging can be sustained by The Inverted U Theory conducted by Yerkes and Dodson (1908) that proposed performance will increase as arousal increases and a po int will be reached where optimal performance is achieved. Further of that point the performance will deteriorate. This explains the general pattern that was observed; as levels got more difficult participants level of arousal increased greatly particularly between stages 3-4 (optimal performance) but dropped dramatically at stage 5.However, there was some diversion from this, where decrease in GSR levels were spotted in 27 participants which can be possibly explained by the appraisal theory. That suggests that individual differences might alter that general pattern, people who estimate the situation as being overwhelming and incredibly difficult disengaged from the task because they felt their abilities were not strong enough. Although, the current experiment was generally as predicted there was a limitation that should be taken into account for further research. The coping potential was not self-reported and this weakens the experiment because it does not sustain the needed experimental conditions for testing the hypothesis regarding to the GSR in the extremely difficult-short conditions. (Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) Furthermore, our experiment considered ethical issues and therefore all participants were given the same standardised instructions, it was also valid and reliable, since it did what it attempted to do and it produces consistent results each time it is used with some variations. In conclusion, the findings of this experiment showed that although in general GSR increase as task difficulty increase, individual differences have an important role in this correlation and might show otherwise.

Detection and Tracking of Arbitrary Objects in Video

Detection and Tracking of Arbitrary Objects in Video Kleanthis Constantinou Abstract— Detection and tracking of arbitrary objects in video is a technique which detect object and an object tracker follows that object even when the detectable part cannot be seen. The goal to detect an object in video or image is to determine whether there are any defined object in the video and return their locations, for example the object can be individual team members in a video showing sports, and it’s also been useful for the police in hot pursuit of vehicle by detecting the vehicle while moves. In this paper includes an analyses a methodology for detecting and tracking arbitrary objects in videos and documentaries. This work will explain how a moving object can allow deriving and maintaining a dynamic template of each moving objects. INTRODUCTION This paper will examine and analyze the paths followed for the implementation of a system that makes the detection and tracking of an arbitrary object possible. In addition the paper will point out the importance of embedding such a system in surveillance systems enhancing the need of those systems upon collecting cohesive temporal information though such an implementation. Section II will distinguish need for implementing such a system and how it can benefit its host. Section III will be stating the structure and the techniques used to properly manage the events of tracking and detection of an arbitrary object. Section IV will refer to the variety of problems disclosed in detection and tracking systems such as operation interference, while in addition it will state the required precautions that need to take place in order to prevent any operation interference and allow the system to run efficiently and effectively enhancing its accuracy. Section V will briefly explain the different types of surveillance systems and how they can be accessible. Lastly Section VI will display the steps followed in a moving detection system. In Video analysis the first step is the detection of moving objects and the areas which can be used are surveillance videos, tracking and monitoring people and traffic, therefore in this section we will be stating some examples on how the system works from a camera view and how effective the system can react. II. Reasons The reasons for providing an algorithm to make possible the detection of video objects is due to the need of acquiring data to be forced as an input to a computer based vision application. The application’s goal is to rebut tracking objects in the scene considering parameters in the background and the camera. Background based variables include the variation of light and objects that can change their status from moving to stopped and vice versa. The algorithm consists of two parts, the object detection which is light in terms of programming and a second part which is based on a more sophisticated structure that functions behalf of detecting objects in videos. The process of locating and tracking a moving object in video over time can be done by using a camera. Detection and tracking does not satisfy the purpose of extracting information’s but also to make implementation of systems such as traffic control, security and surveillance, medical imaging, human computer interaction, video communication and compression, augmented reality and video editing possible. Establishing correspondence of objects parts between consecutive frames of video it is the main goal of the tracking. The task of this application provides us with data that are used to enhance lower level processing like motion segmentations and data extraction such as activity analysis and behavior recognition which categorized as higher level processing. Methods and algorithms of detection and tracking The tracking and detection methods are categorized based on how an application can use them. Generally object tracking systems are adequate for outdoor surveillances videos where tracking parts of an object is necessary for several indoor surveillance systems. It is necessary to distinguish objects from each other in order to track and analyze their actions reliably. The main methods for object tracking include firstly the correspondence matching points and secondly to carry out explicit tracking by making use of position prediction or motion estimation. The techniques used for designing surveillance camera systems include the use of stationary cameras to allow the segmentation of each image into a set of regions representing the moving objects by using background differencing, and by using the method of k-Gaussian expand the video processing and allowing process of real stream videos with time varying background and without dedicated hardware. Figure 1: Tracking block diagram The diagram above shows the main blocks followed for object detection and tracking, where foreground and background are the basis for defining images. The information extraction in this scenario includes object attributes and features that could be used in applications and real time video applications. The Methods which classified as point detectors, background subtraction and segmentation is object detection. The information expected to be derived from the tracker is the trajectory of the path which has been followed from a moving object over time by locating its position in every individual video frame. The use of detection and tracking algorithms include implementation of techniques such as: data mining neural network artificial intelligence wireless sensor network biometrics. IV. Problems and Solutions Based on statements made in section II, background changes refers to light changing scenarios such as an outdoor scene, clouds covering the sun and for an indoor scenario such as turning off the lights. By considering those two factors there is problem for an object to be detected and tracked. So the approach cannot be based on frame difference where frame rate it is also depended on the object speed. From this perspective the attention must be laid on the moving object detection based on the background suppression where background model is computed and evolved frame by frame. Clarifying that statement object motion is defined by the difference between the current frame and the background model. Apart from that there must be a high response rate between the changing nature of background and reliable background model computation. Then a model must deal with erroneous ghost detection which includes objects in background that appear as moving in order to be able to compute the differenc e between those objects original position and the position that those objects where projected to after performing motion. Another puzzling fact that makes the algorithm more difficult and not approachable were the existence of shadows and moving objects while the associated shadows are sharing the same features of visual such as detectability and motion, so when the background is updated, the shadows and the moving objects are detected and grouped at the same time. The tasks that are affected by shadows its object classification and the assessment of moving object. This kind of problem mostly affects a system that controls the traffic which is evaluating the trajectories of vehicles. To eliminate such problems the approach of shadow detection needs to be defined and suppressed based on a color analysis HSV space. Another thing that interferes with the processes of tracking and detecting objects in video is the availability of video sensor, the zoom capabilities and videos streams acquired by moving platforms. In such situations the background differing techniques cannot be used because they rely on stabilization algorithm for canceling the motion of cameras, and because the stabilization and the detection are based on the background and cannot perform perfectly since it requires stabilization algorithms in order to affine the perspective model for motion compensation where the quality of compensation depends on the observed scene. To increase the accuracy of detecting a moving object we used a stabilization algorithm that locates regions of an image where this region detecting the normal component of the optical flow field. Surveillance Surveillance systems is been used for monitoring of the behavior, activities or other changing information and more often of people for influencing, managing, directing or protecting them. Such surveillance system serving government and law to enforcement to maintain social control, giving the privilege to prevent or eliminate threats because of the services suck monitoring and recognition which surveillance systems provide. Types where this kind of program and technologies are used: Computers: where responsible for the monitoring of data and traffic through internet, which is categorized in real time monitoring Computer surveillance is used monitoring all phones calls, emails, web traffic; instant messaging etc. Telephones: the official and unofficial tapping telephone lines, the program which is on use for monitoring it is on real time. By using speech to text software creates this kind of algorithm intercept audio and then processed by automated call analysis program where search for certain key words or phrases. Social network analysis: Creating social map network based on data were collected from Facebook, twitter from social sites and from phones call records. Biometrics: this kind of technology its for human analysis for their physical characteristics such fingerprinting, DNA and facial patterns. The technique used is called facial recognition and is based on person’s facial features to accurately identify them from video surveillance. Aerial: Aerial: is an airborne vehicle surveillance which is collecting visual imagery or video. Because this kind of system extraction is high resolution imagery of identification object of extremely long distance it require to use a surveillance hardware such as micro aerial vehicle Data mining and profiling: Data mining is mathematical algorithm method and statistical techniques to identify previously unnoticed relationships within the data. And the process of assembling information about a particular individual or group is called Data profiling which is use of generate profile.. Such application is use for economic and social transactions where the amount of data is large where application is working by following the electronic trail. Every transaction nowadays is electronic, resulting in an electronic trail like credit card, phone card, rented video etc. The most common type of Surveillance systems include utilization of cameras in order to survey a particular space. Surveillance videos up until now consisted of systems analogous to three differentiated generations, 1GSS, 2GSS, and 3GSS. The first generation was used for controlling a room using various cameras at different positions where the role controller was a person. The second generation involved the use of digital and analog subsystems where digital video was focusing on real time detection consequently giving the video human operators for filtering out spurious events. The third generation systems provide end-to-end digital systems followed by today’s video object detection systems. Examples From Video analysis Crossing line detection: The object is detected when a moving object crossing the â€Å"safety† line through the video processing. The safety line can be setup base on the background and the various security zones in arbitrary shapes within the cameras view. So when the object crosses the line the program will automatically activate the alarm and the object will be marked with an alert frame so that the system will mark its moving trace and will alert security personnel to pay attention to the object recognizing it as intruder. Figure 2: moving object crossing the safety line Appearing detection: when an object appears within the camera view alert detects and identifies it as a moving object, if the object behavior is according to the pre-defined alert condition the system will alarm and detect its moving tracks. This system will automatically detect any moving object like human vehicle in a designated area. Figure 3: Moving vehicle Guarding region Entry detection: By setting various security zones in arbitrary shape with in cameras view and through the intelligent video processing technique, automatically will detect moving objects such as human animals, vehicle etc. and if the object does not met the predefined rules when they entered to the security zone then alarm will alert and the object will be marked with an alert frame. Figure 4: Security zone in arbitrary shape Leaving detection: Can set alert areas or regions when an item is removed from its region and indicate its track using alarm frame when the object is removed from it position. Prevent prison break and kids who left the safe place from the kindergarten. Figure 5: Alert area or region CONCLUSION In this paper we analyzed the fact that a system for tracking and detection is necessary for computer vision application implementations such as video compression, video surveillance, vision based control, human computer interfaces, medical imaging, augmented reality etc. this kind of systems provide key tasks for monitoring and controlling applications by providing input data to video databases such content based indexing and retrieval. Reference point [1].http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=arnumber=784651url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=784651 [2]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.3288 [3]. http://www.google.com/patents/US20130322689 [4]. http://www.slideshare.net/yuhuang/object-processing11 [5]. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wdn/myresearch.html [6]. http://jivp.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/42 [7].http://www.reoll.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=5Itemid=8lang=en [8]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tracking [9]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Select one chapter from Lord of the Flies and assess its importance to the novel as a whole. ‘Lord of the Flies’ is about what happens to a group of schoolboys when they are abandoned on an island following a plane crash. Chapter eight ‘Gift for the Darkness’ has much significance in the novel, as it is here that Simon converses with ‘The Lord of the Flies’. Jack separates himself from Ralph’s group, showing that Jack has now been consumed by evil. The signal fire is moved and now there are two marked rival groups on the island, one belonging to Jack and the other Ralph. Chapter eight, ‘Gift for the Darkness’, has many themes, one of the most prominent being the Beast, which is the boys’ greatest fear. In chapter seven they had come across a dead parachutist and had believed it to be a beast. The beast represents the evil residing within everyone. The Beast is used as a scapegoat by the boys to avoid self-knowledge. Golding uses the boys’ daydreams to show their fears and desires. The Beast gives the boys’ fear something to focus on. Golding expresses various types of fears in the book and many are apparent in chapter eight. There is fear that all is not known concerning the Beast. â€Å"The beast had teeth†¦ and big black eyes.† The boys did not actually see the Beast and are making this up. This only causes their fear to escalate except for Piggy’s. He is by far the most intellectual and skeptical of the boys. He knows that the adult world and books would not abide by the legend of the ‘beastie’. Just after the only kill in chapter eight, the boys’ gradual degeneration into savages is obvious by their actions: â€Å"Then Jack found the throat and the hot blood spouted over his hands†¦then Jack grabbed Maurice and rubbed the stuff over his cheeks.† This is almost a tribal ritual making a mask. The boys use masks to cover their identity and this allows them to kill. â€Å"He was safe from the shame or self-consciousness behind the mask†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This illustrates that the mask somehow gives the boys a sense of security. â€Å"Demoniac figures with faces of white and red and green rushed out howling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From this quote it can be seen that the boys have totally lost their individuality and become like animals, almost indistinguishable from the other.

Elie Wiesels Night Essay -- Essays Papers

Night In Night, by Elie Wiesel, there is an underlying theme of anger. Anger not directed where it seems most appropriate- at the Nazis- but rather a deeper, inbred anger directed towards God. Having once been a role model of everything a â€Å"good Jew† should be, Wiesel slowly transforms into a faithless human being. He cannot comprehend why the God who is supposed to love and care for His people would refuse to protect them from the Germans. This anger grows as Wiesel does and is a constant theme throughout the book. Early in Night, Elie Wiesel begins to express doubt about his faith. Some talked of God, of his mysterious ways, ...and of their future deliverance. But I had ceased to pray. How I sympathized with Job! I did not deny God’s existence, but I doubted His absolute justice. (42) A good example of the mental shift occurring within Wiesel, this passage. Having grown up as a child of extreme faith in God and his divine power, this is a striking contrast of spiritual views. Young Wiesel once spent hours praying to God when he had very little concerns (especially when compared to his concerns in the concentration camp). Now that he is in a very trying time, one would think that his faith would be something he would desire to find comfort in. The tone of the first sentence almost sounds sarcastic- as if Wiesel thinks it odd that his people would even consider praying at all. He seems to view himself as being above all of that, not needing his faith- as he felt it could (or would) do nothing to help save him. In Wiesel’s sympathizing with Job, I see a contradiction, however. Job was a man of tremendous faith in God who, even when everything (famine, pestilence, death of all of his family, disease, poverty) went wrong, he still had faith in God. Job never doubted that the Lord would sustain him and support him. While on the other hand, Wiesel has given up all hope that he will be rescued by his faith. He has not stopped believing in God, however. Perhaps he has stopped believing in the particular God he has grown up worshiping. The last sentence shows us that he still believes that there is a God, he simply no longer trusts him. He feels as though his people have been betrayed and God is allowing the Jews to become victims for no apparent reason. As Night progresses, Wiesel becomes increasingly more hostil... ...see the inner reckoning of Wiesel to the conflict he has been fighting within himself. Until now, Wiesel has felt guilty about his growing distrust in God. Since childhood, the focus of the young boy’s life has been spiritual- and now he feels betrayed. He even goes as far as saying that he, the accuser, is accusing God himself. Wiesel goes on to say that his was alone- â€Å"terribly alone.† There is nothing in this world- religion, man, love, mercy- except Wiesel himself. This is ironic, seeing that he and the other Jews were so tightly packed into first the ghetto, then the trains, finally the camps themselves. It would seem- physically, at least- that Wiesel was closer to more people at this point than ever before in his life. He tells us, however, that he feel as though he is terribly, terribly alone. Wiesel talks of feeling that he is stronger than God. He sees those around him as being weak because of their need for God. Needing anything while in captivity can only make him weaker and more vulnerable. Because Wiesel feels abandoned and has calloused over his need for God, he feels stronger than the rest of the Jewish people- stronger even than the One they need.

Symbols and Symbolism in Long Days Journey into Night :: Long Days Journey into Night

   Symbolism is used throughout O ¹Neill ¹s Long Day ¹s Journey into Night, a portrayal of the   author ¹s life.   The three prominent symbols, the fog, the foghorn, and Mary ¹s glasses, represent the characters ¹ isolation from reality.   The symbols in  ³Long Day ¹s Journey into   Night ² are used to substitute illusion for reality.   Although Mary is the character directly associated with living in illusion, all characters in the play try to hide from the truth in their own ways. At the beginning of the second act, O'Neill notes a change in setting which has taken place since the play opened.   No sunlight comes into the room now   and there is a faint haziness in the air.   This haziness or fog obscures one ¹s perception   of the world, and it parallels the attempts of each member of the family to obscure or hide reality.   Tyrone, for example, drinks whiskey to escape his son ¹s criticism of how cheap he is.   The reference to fog always has a double meaning in this play,   referring both to the atmosphere and to the family.   Much of the activity carried on by the Tyrone family is under-handed and sneaky, they are always attempting to put something over on somebody   and obscure the truth. This brings us to the second symbol, the foghorn.   Mary says she loves the fog because "it hides you from the world and the world from you," but she hates the foghorns because they warn you and call you back ².   This escape is similiar to the morphine she takes, and the foghorns are the family ¹s warnings against her addictions.   When they discuss the mother, Edmund resents Jamie's hinting that she might have gone back to her old habit; and Jamie is angry with Edmund for not staying with her all morning. Although they both think that she has started using dope again, they don't want to have to admit it. Because the men in the family all try so hard to deny the truth and to blame each other or the mother for her affliction, it appears that they all feel some guilt and some responsibility for what has happened to her , and to themselves.   Even when confronted with the truth (that the mother is using drugs), they all still try to act as if everything were all right, to deny the reality and live in illusion. Mary ¹s glasses symbolize her inability to see things clearly.   She frequently misplaces them, and really doesn ¹t want to find them

Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees

Why Australians should welcome refugees The Australian Government and the people of our communities must allow more refugees into our country. They have no choice but to leave their countries and unlike us they can't Just get on a plane to another country. So why won't we help them? Refugees are often treated badly by Australians but why? Refugees offer a lot to the community, they are hardworking and respectful and they will also do Jobs a lot of Australians will not, it Just sickens me to think that people think they shouldn't be allowed Into Australia.Firstly Australia needs to let many more refugees Into the entry. Compared to other countries Like the UK and the USA, Australia lets hardly any refugees in and we have so much room. How would you feel If you were living In a corrupt, third world country dominated by call wars and terrorism and, finally, after saving up for your whole life could afford to get a ticket on a rickety boat with no guarantee of survival to a country that you have heard so many great things about, where you have rights and freedom and when you arrived you were put In a detention center?This is what happens to them, they get put in there for years and some of them never even get out. Detention centers are like prisons and we need to get rid of mandatory detention centers, a lot of refugees kill themselves in there because their family is gone and they are left there not sure of whether they are going to get out. In some cases it is finally the day when you are let free and you have all these great expectations but you experience racism and you are looked down upon by the people around you. Is that fair? Secondly it's not their choice as to whether they flee their country or stay living there.The reasons they have to move often include; there may be civil wars there, their human rights aren't being expected, they are under threat of prosecution because of their religious beliefs or their life is under threat. You think they Just get on a boat to come to Australia with no guarantee of survival because they feel like moving? Some Australians say that they should stay and fight in their own country. This is absolutely ridiculous, if you lived in a corrupt, war torn third world country would you stay and fight for your country being proud of where you live?Finally, in many cases when they arrive in Australia after spending weeks to months on a crowded unsafe boat often being attacked by pirates and then to be sent to a detention center for years before being let out and being looked down upon by the people of your community and being thought of as inferior to them for many reasons. How would that feel? On top of what they have gone through many Australians have the audacity to make racist comments towards them. Refugees offer many things to the community. Refugees are almost always hard working, and appreciative because of where they came from.They are almost always better employees than many Australians because they try much reader and don't take things for granted. Many refugees will also do many Jobs that a lot of Australians believe they are â€Å"too good for†. Many people say refugees are taking all the jobs off of the Australians however the reality Is that they take any opportunity they get to work and will often do Jobs with less pay, plus they are generally better workers so as an employer why wouldn't you employ a refugee as long as they had think that that we shouldn't let refugees in. The good that they bring outweighs the bad by a long way.They have to travel all the way over here for months only to be put onto a detention center. It's not their choice that they have to leave their countries and it disgusts me that some ignorant, inconsiderate people actually think that refugees should stay and fight in their own countries, but in reality they have tried. If they stay in their own countries they may die! Why would anyone want to stay and live in a place like that? Many Aust ralians even stoop low enough to make racist comments and remarks, after all they have been through. Maybe we need to be more educated as to what they have been through and reconsider what they think.

Absolute Truth – Is There Such a Thing as Absolute Truth

Is in that respect Such A topic As Absolute Truth? There ar two get alongs for the question, Is there such a occasion as exacting fairness? The answer could be both yes or no. In my whimsy, the answer is yes, because every individual lives his or her disembodied spirit in various experiences. Some multitude claim to do the compulsive truth. Individuals found their truth on experiences and emotions and at times not logically consistent. When force palm such as emotions are surrender decisions are made then opinions are formed.For example, government activity, I state politics because it never has a common ground. In politics youre either Democrat or Republi suffer, and both parties feel their plan is the out-and-out(a) truth. As an American, we have the compensate to our take opinion but realize that our opinion is not the unassailable truth. To make the line of reasoning that there is no infinite truth is invalid. Because one plus one does reach two so ther e is living truth which can be turn up and understood. Is there such a thing as absolute truth?Yes, because of human race conscience that duty within us that tells us that certain things are right and impairment. Therefore, our conscience let us hold out there is something pervert with pain, hunger, rape and makes us aware that love, pause, and charity are confirmative things for which we should strive for. In my opinion it so important to understand the concept of absolute truth in all areas of manner this includes religion, because consequences exist in life for being wrong.For instance, a nurse can bedevil a patient the wrong inwardness of a medication that can go through them having an investment broker make the wrong monetary decisions can put you and your family in poverty getting on the wrong bus will take soulfulness where they do not wish to go and dealing with an cheating spouse can result in the destruction of a family and potentially divorce. There are so m any religions in this world that get to give their meaning and definition to absolute truth.Your existence is absolute truth which is simple. by religion, mankinds seek God, we hope for the future, forgiveness of our sins, peace in the midst of struggle, and answers to our deepest questions. Religion is sincerely proof that mankind is more than vertical a highly evolved creature. God planted in man the desire to know him, and God is indeed the Creator, which makes Him the standard for absolute truth, and with His authority that establishes the absolute truth.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.